Covered Ratio Spread (aka Covered Combination)

Max Loss

The maximum loss would occur should the stock become worthless.  In that case, the investor would have lost the entire value of their stock.  That loss, however, would be reduced by the premium received from initiating the option strategy.

Max Gain

The maximum gain would occur should the underlying stock be at the strike price of the short calls.  In that case all the options would expire worthless, and the investor could pocket the premium received for initiating the option strategy in addition to the profit from the stock's appreciation.

Profit/Loss

The potential profit (from the options) is limited.  Potential losses are substantial.  However, the maximum loss results from the investor's stockholding, not the options.  Any loss resulting from this strategy would always be less than a loss resulting from simply purchasing the same amount of stock at the initial position entry date.

Breakeven

This strategy breaks even if at expiration the underlying stock has fallen by the amount of premium received for initiating the strategy.

Volatility

An increase in implied volatility, all other things equal, would have a negative impact on this strategy.

Time Decay

The passage of time, all other things equal, will have a positive effect on this strategy.

Assignment Risk

Yes.  However, the investor is already covered on one of the short calls.  And while the call options can be exercised at any time, it is usually not optimal to exercise a call early unless there is a dividend payment.  Should the investor be assigned on both short calls, exercising the long call to cover one of the assignments would require being short the underlying stock for one business day.

And be aware, any situation where a stock is involved in a restructuring or capitalization event, such as for example a merger, takeover, spin-off or special dividend, could completely upset typical expectations regarding early exercise of options on the stock.

Expiration Risk

Yes.  Should an assignment at expiration occur or not occur unexpectedly, the investor could find themselves with a position on the Monday following expiration and subject to an adverse move over the weekend.

Comments

This strategy is often used by an investor to lower their breakeven point on a long stock position.  To the extent that a credit is received for initiating the position it can also serve as a hedge.

Related Position

Comparable Position: N/A

Opposite Position: N/A