Option Price Behavior

Options will not move as much as their underlying stock unless they are in-the-money and/or very close to expiration. There are valid mathematical reasons for this. The amount an option can be expected to move (all other conditions being equal) given a 1-point move in the underlying stock is called delta. Delta is derived from the Black-Scholes formula for pricing options and represents roughly how much the option behaves like the underlying stock. A delta of .50, for example, means that an option can be expected (all other things being equal) to move about fifty cents for every $1 move in the underlying stock. Delta will change with time to expiration as the option moves more in- or out-of-the-money, and will also be affected by the volatility of the underlying stock.

There are 6 inputs that determine an option's value: stock price, strike price, time to expiration, interest rate, dividend yield and volatility (over the life of the option). Normally, if the stock price goes up and the other factors remain the same then a call option also goes higher. So if the call option has gone down, then one of the other factors must have changed.

The passage of time can certainly push an option's value lower, although sometimes it can have the opposite effect. A dividend payment will also have an impact. But the real wild card is volatility. Sometimes, the market will bid up the volatility in anticipation of a market-moving event such as earnings release or a major speech by a Very Important Person. After the event, the volatility often drops sharply, especially if the event failed to have the expected impact.

• There are Options Calculators on our website that are very helpful for making these types of comparisons.
• There is also a free, online, Options Pricing course that you may take.

I believe you are asking why a CALL option price rises when interest rates rise. That is because options are priced on a risk-neutral basis, i.e. on a delta-neutral or fully hedged basis. So a long call would be paired with a short-stock, and a short-stock position generates interest revenue. That makes the call option worth more. If interest rates go up, the interest revenue from the short stock position increases, which makes the call worth still more. Note that for put options it works the opposite way. Dividends also work in the opposite direction.

A stock's value is equal (theoretically) to the present value of all its future dividends, so an increase in the interest rate used to discount the future dividends will reduce the value of the stock. When someone says higher interest rates make call options worth more, there is an implicit assumption of ALL OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL. As a practical matter, all other things are rarely equal, and the decline in a stock's price due to an interest rate increase will often overwhelm the effect of the higher interest rate on the option itself.

"Candlesticks" is a charting technique used in trying to predict the future behavior of the market, and as such really doesn't have anything directly to do with options. However, if the charting technique allows you to successfully forecast market movement for an underlying, then options could prove to be very valuable when implementing various strategies.

The price of an option is really a function of "the market" - buyers and sellers. In other words, when more people want to own an option, there may be a rise in the price as the forces of supply and demand become more pronounced. In times of large market movement the secondary markets may experience some increased volatility. For further information on the various components of an options theoretical price, please visit our Options Pricing educational area.

If you are interested in additional information, you might want to take our online Options Pricing class.

When someone refers to a deep-in-the-money option they are referring to a call or a put with a delta close to 1.00 (or -1.00 for puts). This option moves very close to a one for one ratio with stock movement up and down, and is often viewed as the equivalent of long or short stock. If an option has a delta closer to say 0.75, (or -0.75 for a put) that option is also considered in-the-money. The difference is that although these options will "move" with the stock, they will not move at the same one to one ratio. Instead, if the stock went up $1.00, we could expect the 0.75 delta calls to gain $0.75. For more for information on Delta and option pricing, you may want to take the Options Pricing class.

Put/call parity is a captivating, noticeable reality arising from the options markets. By gaining an understanding of put/call parity, one can begin to better understand some mechanics that professional traders may use to value options, how supply and demand impacts option prices and how all option values (at all the available strikes and expirations) on the same underlying security are related. Prior to learning the relationships between call and put values, we'll review a couple of items. Read more.