General Information

 

Open interest only reflects the total number of open (long or short) option contracts for a given option series that have not yet been closed out. This indicates neither a bullish nor bearish outlook. For example, if there is no existing open interest and you buy one contract from another customer, and no more trading occurs, the open interest in that series is reported as one contract. That open interest reflects one call seller (bearish) and one call buyer (bullish).

 

 

On a recent trading day, the volume of options traded on a specific contract was about 3,000, yet the next day open interest had only increased by approximately 1,800. How can that be?

To accurately reflect open interest we need to know if the buyer and seller are opening or closing positions. (Example assumes one contract traded.)

Open Interest
If Buy is:		If Sell is:	Open Interest then:
to open	+	to open	increases by 1
to open	+	to close	no change
to close	+	to open	no change
to close	+	to close	decreases by 1

As the above table illustrates, the open interest depends on whether the buyer and seller are opening or closing positions. OCC can only report new open interest after clearing and pairing opening and closing positions at the end of the day.

 

 

Liquidity can have many meanings. In the context of securities trading, liquidity is generally the term used to describe the ease of entering and or exiting a securities position at a fair price. A “liquid market” is evidenced by a tight (or small) spread between bid and offer, as well as large size bid and offer.

Liquidity can also refer to the availability of stock near the last sale price. When the bid-ask spread on an option is wider than typical, it usually means that the market makers are not sure where they can reliably buy or sell shares of the underlying stock to hedge possible options transactions. Sometimes that means that the stock is more volatile, but not always. It is possible to have a volatile stock that is liquid. This means that there are many stock shares to buy or sell at prices near the last sale. In that case, the options' bid-ask is likely narrow.

When the market on an option is narrow, it typically means that investors can buy or sell shares of the underlying stock in quantity near the last sale price, or that the option itself has a lot of buyers and sellers near the last sale price of the option. Usually if an option is liquid, the underlying stock is also liquid.

 

 

One method would be to enter the strikes into a Position Simulator to see how they might react. The investor could adjust for the passage of time, movement of the underlying, and even a change in volatility. Others might want to use a spreadsheet. The investor could put the strike prices across the top row, the current price of each option in the second row, and the range of potential stock prices at expiration in the leftmost column. Then plot a grid of percent return on each option at expiration given a range of prices for the stock. This should provide a good idea of the risk-reward ratio for the various strikes.

 

 

Open

An opening transaction is one that adds to or creates a new trading position. It can be either a purchase or a sale. With respect to an option transaction, consider both:

• An opening purchase is a transaction in which the purchaser's intention is to create or increase a long position in a given series of options.
• An opening sale is a transaction in which the seller's intention is to create or increase a short position in a given series of options.

Close

• A closing purchase is a transaction in which the purchaser's intention is to reduce or eliminate a short position in a given series of options. This transaction is frequently referred to as "covering" a short position.
• A closing sale is a transaction in which the seller's intention is to reduce or eliminate a long position in a given series of options.

 

 

Can I sell my stock today at a loss and simultaneously buy a call option that allows me to participate in any upward movement in the stock I just sold?

This particular strategy may be a violation of the wash-sale rule. The wash-sale rule prevents taxpayers who are not broker-dealers from selling stock or securities (including options) at a loss and reacquiring substantially identical stock or securities (or options to acquire substantially identical stock or securities) within a 30-day period before or after the loss.

Contact your broker or tax advisor for guidance.

 

 

I recently bought a LEAPS® call option. The stock has risen in value, and so has the call option. I'd like to sell my contract, but am I obligated to deliver stock if another option holder exercises their call option?

When you “close” an option position you eliminate your rights or obligations associated with the option position. Since you are closing out your position by selling an open long call, the closing sale will eliminate your position; the sale will offset the previous purchase. Accordingly, you will not have an open short position in the call, and will not be obligated to deliver the underlying stock. When an investor sells a call option to establish an open short position, the option seller or writer is obligated to deliver the stock at any time during the life of the option contract, if assigned. The life of the option contract ends either at expiration of the option or when you choose to close your position. Think of it this way: option holders have rights, and option sellers have obligations. The rights and or obligations are eliminated when you no longer hold an open position. One options industry operational caveat is that assignments are determined based on net positions after the close of the market each day. Therefore, if you bought back your short call, you no longer have a short position at the end of the day and no possibility of assignment thereafter.

 

 

You may search by symbol or download a list of all products here.

 

 

How can I find options with large open interest to guarantee that I can find adequate size for my eight (8) contract order?

A common misconception is that volume and open interest equate with liquidity. While higher trade activity may create added liquidity through competition, each option has market makers and professional traders who take on the responsibility of making a market for all of the series that they represent. By asking your broker for a two-sided market with size, you can find out how many contracts are bid or offered at any time during the trading day. Don't let the open interest or volume fool you into thinking that there is or is not liquidity in that specific contract.

Unless the option is so out-of-the-money that nobody has any interest in a purchase or in very unusual market conditions, such as a trading halt in the underlying, there will normally be a market. For example, if an option has less than five trading days left and is 10 points out-of-the-money, you may not find anyone that would want to own that contract. Then, the market might be .00 bid - .20 ask.

When you look at open interest, which is simply the number of outstanding long (or short) contracts, you're seeing an indication of which options were previously the most active. If you feel it's important to trade only options with a high level of activity, you can find volume and open interest data under Market Data on our site.

 

 

Is there a report that shows all equity option products that have non-standard terms of settlement and/or multiple components of delivery?

OCC's Equity Special Settlement Report contains all equity option products that have non-standard terms of settlement and/or multiple components of delivery. The file contains one record per delivery component for every option contract considered to have special settlement terms. There is a key at the top of the headings. The file represents data on non-standard options that were eligible to be cleared the previous day. It will not represent options that became non-standard on the effective date.

To read about how that adjustment came about, you can access the Information Memos section of the OCC's website.

 

 

The SEC allows the options exchanges to list strike prices in one-point increments. Initially, the program allowed the exchanges to list one-point strike prices on equity options for up to five individual stocks if the strike prices are $20 or less, but greater than or equal to $3. Under the new program, each exchange can elect to list one-point strike prices on equity options for up to 150 individual securities provided that the strike prices are $50 or less, but greater than or equal to $1. The options exchanges are restricted from listing any series that would result in strike prices being $0.50 apart.

In addition, all ETFs may list strikes in $1 intervals up to $200.

Note: The participating securities may change from time to time.

 

 

For files of data you will need to contact a data vendor. You can find a list of vendors on the OPRA site here.

Your broker may be able to obtain some prices for you. Each exchange will provide a limited amount of data from their exchange for free. For larger amounts of data they will charge a fee.

 

 

You will want to contact your broker or tax advisor for guidance. 

 

 

The Options Expiration Calendar is available through OCC’s website where you may view or print a copy: Options Expiration Calendar. Contact investorservices@theocc.com with any questions. 

 

 

During 2021, I engaged in a covered call position that expired in 2014 with the short call not being assigned. For tax purposes, does the IRS consider the premium received from the sale of the call short-term or long-term capital gain?

Please be advised that OCC does not assume any responsibility as tax professionals. A CPA or your brokerage firm can best answer all tax-related questions.

 

 

Probably, depending on your brokerage firm’s policies and procedures regarding trading in retirement accounts. Find a firm that offers you the flexibility you desire

 

 

Access put/call ratios for any individual equity by entering the underlying symbol on the OCC’s Volume Query tool or perform searches in the Put/Call Ratio page of OCC's Market Data section.

Access this data by day, week, month or year. Please note that all values stated in these reports represent contract sides (one side long, one side short).

 

 

Position limits are the amount of contracts that any controlling entity's account may have open positions in, on the same side of the market. For example, long calls and short puts are considered to be on the same side of the market. Although most public investors will never come close to the position limits for any option class, OCC offers a current list (represented in shares) of the limits.

In addition, each options exchange has its own position limit rule. You can find these rules by visiting their respective websites.

 

 

As of March 1, 2022, the top options trading volume in a single day was January 24, 2022 when 63.7 million options contracts traded.

 

 

Employee stock options differ in three main ways from what many refer to as standardized (or ordinary) options:

• Exchanges do not trade employee stock options. In contrast, standardized options are traded on exchanges.
• Employee stock options are not standardized as they have unique expiration dates and restrictions specific to the employee’s company and compensation program; whereas exchange-traded options have standardized terms, normally representing 100 shares of the underlying equity, with routine expiration dates.
• Employee stock options generally are not transferable. Standardized options are fungible and can be bought and sold during exchange trading hours on any exchange that lists them.

 

 

Options on equities, narrow-based (sector) indexes and narrow-based ETFs, generally open at 9:30 a.m. ET and close for trading at 4:00 p.m. ET. Options on some broad-based ETFs and index products trade until 4:15 p.m. ET. Please consult the product specifications at the exchange where the product trades for exact trading hours.

 

 

Trading hours for ETFs vary. Generally, ETFs based on broad-based indexes trade until 4:15 p.m. ET.

The general rule for options on ETFs is that they are open for trading whenever shares of the underlying ETF are open in the primary market.

 

 

http://www.theocc.com/clearing/clearing-services/specifications-quarterly-options.jsp

Quarterly options (Quarterlys) are options that expire at the close of business on the last business day of a calendar quarter (March/June/September/December). The last business day of a calendar quarter is also the last trading day for quarterly options. Visit the exchange website where the option trades to learn more.

 

 

In early 2007, the option exchanges began a pilot program to trade options in $.01 increments. The pilot included 13 stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). The $0.01 increments were available for options with a quoted price of less than $3. Options with a quoted price above $3 were available in nickel ($0.05) increments. All IWM, SPY and QQQ options, however, were quoted in $.01 increments.

Since its initial rollout, the Penny Program has been expanded to include well over 350 securities. Please note that all of the exchanges have the ability to provide executions in penny increments.

 

 

Why does the value of an option appear as a negative in my account after selling a covered call to open?

When you open a short option position, your account will be credited the premium of the option less commissions. However, to account for the position, brokerage firms generally show the short option as a negative in the account, essentially subtracting the market value of the call from the account net worth.

Consider buying stock: you do not immediately make the amount of the purchase. Rather there is a debit in the account equal to the cost of the stock plus commissions. If you started with $5,000 and purchased $5,000 worth of stock, there is a credit for the stock and a debit for the cost. The account value is still $5,000 (assuming the stock price does not change).

When shorting options (like a covered call), you are credited the proceeds and debited the option value. If the option eventually goes worthless, this debit would become zero. If you did not subtract the short option from the value of the account, the value would appear inflated. To prevent this, subtract the market value of the short option from the account net worth. The proceeds from the option are generally available to use for other investments or to remove from the account.

Discuss this further with your broker as we can only generalize how they may be accounting for your positions.

 

 

The options exchanges utilize a $0.50 strike program that allows the exchanges to list $0.50 strikes, beginning at $0.50 and up through and including $5.50, on up to 20 equity option classes whose underlying security closed at or below $5.00.

To be eligible, an underlying stock must close at or below $5.00 in its primary market on the previous trading day and have a national average daily volume that equals or exceeds 1,000 contracts per day as determined by OCC during the preceding three calendar months. After adding an option class to the $0.50 strike program, the exchanges can list $0.50 strike prices of $0.50, $1, $1.50, $2, $2.50, $3 and $3.50, $4, $4.50, $5, and $5.50.

This program has been expanded to include some short-term options.

 

 

In the last quarter of 2012, the options exchanges received regulatory approval for extended weekly expirations. The options exchanges can now list up to five consecutive weekly expirations for selected securities. Although any product with weekly expirations can be part of the extended weekly program, the exchanges will typically select the most actively traded options.

If the regular monthly expiration is three weeks away, then investors would most likely see weekly, weekly, monthly, weekly and weekly expirations listed over a five-week period. Therefore, no new weeklys are listed that would expire during the expiration week for regular options, which is typically the third Friday of each month, nor would they be listed if they would expire on the same date as a quarterly option on the same underlying.

 

 

Responses to unscheduled market closures will depend on the circumstances of the closure. The OCC has published an OCC Unscheduled Markets Closing Guide which includes helpful information regarding trading halts and expiring options:

https://www.theocc.com/components/docs/about/publications/unscheduled-market-closings-guide.pdf

We encourage you to also contact your brokerage firm regarding the firms’ policies and procedures for expiring options.